Showing posts with label Answers. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Answers. Show all posts

How The Dinasaurs Died

The extinction of the dinosaurs has become a never-ending discussion among people.  Scientists have fought for many years about the reasons and theories on how the dinosaurs disappeared.

Some of the reasons for the extinction of the dinosaurs are that they died in a meteorite impact, small mammals ate their eggs, a world-wide flood wiped them out.  They could not cope with their environment, and they might have had slipped disks.  There have been at least 55 theories that have been suggested and thrown out because of problems.  Whenever a scientist comes up with a theory, he must be able to prove or explain how it happened.  A theory that works for large animals usually does not work for the small animals or sea creatures.   Scientists agree that whatever happened to the dinosaurs must have effected the whole world.  When the birth rate fails to keep up with the death rate, we get extinction.   Paleontologists divide extinction into two types: background extinction and mass extenuation.  Background extinction is when isolated species disappear due to a variety of causes such as out competition, climate change, and depletion of their resources.  Mass extinction is when large numbers of spices go extinct, when many types of spices go extinct, it effects the entire earth, and it all happened in a short time.  Some scientists think the dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago in the Cretaceous period.  Biblical records show that the earth is about 5,000 years old.  The timeline of how old people think the earth is and how old the Bible says it is are different.

The latest theory suggests that the dinosaurs were killed by a meteorite impact, a collision like that would throw enough dust into the air to block out the sun and cause the temperature to drop.  All animals and dinosaurs that are dependent on the sun and warm temperatures would probably die off.  Some scientists believe that the meteorite that struck the earth would have caused the sun to be blocked out for three months, when the meteorite hit, it would cause a tremendous amount of heat to be released and might have caused the temperature to rise as much as 30 degrees centigrade for as long as 30 days, so much heat must have been released to cause fires to break out all over the world.   A meteorite impact might have caused acid rain from all the hot water vapor and rock materials thrown up in the air by the impact.   Scientists have found meteorite craters all over the world in different places, which might support the theory that the dinosaurs died in a meteorite impact.  Volcanoes were active during this time and could have also killed the dinosaurs.  Iridium is usually what makes up meteorites and volcanic eruptions.   Scientists have found high levels of iridium in some layers of clay that might prove that a meteorite impact might have caused the dinosaurs to become extinct.  The theory of a meteorite impact does not explain everything.  There are some problems with the theory-like why did the dinosaurs only become extinct; why did it not wipe out all life on earth and should not have all the plants died because of the lack of sunlight.   One scientist tried to re-enact the meteorite impact on his computer and found out that one meteorite could not have wiped out every kind of dinosaurs.  Volcanic eruptions would have caused a lot of volcanic dust to be thrown into the atmosphere and caused the temperature to drop.  It would cause the same effects as a meteorite impact. 

Some other reasons for the extinction of the dinosaurs are that little mammals ate all the dinosaur's eggs.  If little mammals ate all the dinosaur eggs, we should be able to find an animal with a dinosaur embryo in its mouth.   To eat all the dinosaur's eggs you would have to get throughout the mother dinosaurs who protect their eggs from predators and other animals much bigger and stronger than the little mammals. 

Another theory is that the brain of the dinosaur eventually made them obsolete.  Being overweight could have caused them to get slipped disks in their spine and caused them to become crippled, so they could not get their food and would die.  That idea would not work because not all dinosaurs were overweight

One theory suggests that a change in temperature could have caused them to go extinct.  The temperature change could have caused some places to freeze and other places to turn into deserts.  The dinosaurs adjust to the change in temperature so they died.  Some people think that the dinosaurs became extinct because of bad luck and others think the dinosaurs became extinct because their time was up, and they need to be gone for man to come bought.  This theory could not be true because scientists have found human skeletons on the same level as the dinosaur's fossils.  That must prove that they lived during the same time as the dinosaurs did.

Scientists have suggested many theories on how the dinosaurs disappeared and only one of the theories could work, there was world-wide flood.  The other theories never complete the process to the end and there is always parts of them that does not make sense.  In Genesis 6-9, the Bible tells about a world-wide flood and how God destroyed every living on earth except those that were on the Ark or lived in the ocean.  The Bible does not list every creature on the Ark.  The Ark had plenty of room for all the animals including the dinosaurs.  We do not know how many kinds of animals were alive during Noah’s day, but today there are less than 20,000 types of animals, not counting those that lived in the ocean.   Noah’s Ark could hold 50,000 animals with room to spare, so God probably included the basic types of dinosaurs; young dinosaurs would be smaller and easier to care for.   When God brought two animals of every kind into the Ark, the dinosaurs must have been included too.  God did not bring full-grown animals into the Ark.  After the flood, the temperature and climate changed and many parts of the world became harsh for the dinosaurs to live in, no longer did the earth have great forests.   It was probably hard for the dinosaurs to find food to eat.  The dinosaurs probably could not adjust to the climate changes so they died, but there was probably a few of the dinosaurs that survived.  Quick flood burial would be the only way that so many dinosaurs and other things could have become fossilized in the way scientists have found them.  Animals and plants will only fossilize if they are buried quickly before predators, decay and weather can destroy them.  If the flood really happened, you should be able to find a number of key things: many cultural stories of the flood, thousands of feet of flood deposition sedimentary rock layers covering most of the earth’s, evidence of many creatures that have become extinct by a disaster, buried remains of all forms of life mixed up in sedimentary layers, and the discovery of skeletons at many different depths in the flood-produced rocks.  If the flood obliterated everything on earth about 5,000 years ago, then it would stand to reason that the oldest records of civilization would go back that far.   Advanced cultures on earth seemed to appear suddenly at about that time.  Most ancient advanced cultures began without a trace of primitive generations leading up to them.  The dinosaurs are not the only ones that died off since the flood.  Great numbers of creatures have become extinct since then.  Today one or more species of plant and animals may be lost every day, most of them caused by us.  Scientists are still discovering unknown species every year.  Man has often been responsible for killing the last animals of a kind.  The mammoth and mastodons were wiped out by hunters.  It could be that in ancient time's people also killed dinosaurs for meat or because of problems these animals caused, or they could have killed them just for fun.  Today, many animals are being saved by zoos.  Dinosaurs became extinct before we cared about saving animals from extinction.  As much as we know of the world today, there are many parts of the world that have never been explored.  There are a few scientists who believe that there are probably some dinosaurs living today in the depths of the sea and in dense unexplored parts of the rain forest in Africa and South America.  There are a lot of stories and different parts of the world about dinosaurs.  Scientists agree that legends are usually based on fact, not just imagination.  In the heart of Africa, the native pygmy’s tell of strange encounters with giant-like reptiles in modern times and in the Highlands of northern Scotland people have reported a gigantic swimming “beast."   From the biblical perspective, there is no reason why some of the dinosaurs could survive in the depths of the sea since the flood.  There is some evidence that a few dinosaurs and great marine reptiles could still be alive, on the edge of extinction.  In all parts of the world, ships have reports of giant animals like Plesiosaurs and other types of creature like this.

In my research of the disappearance of the dinosaurs I found out that not all dinosaurs died in the flood and that the flood really happened.  Some of the dinosaurs were taken on the Ark and after the flood was over some of them could not cope with the change in the climate so they died.  Most of the theories could not fit together so they must not be true.  Some parts of the theories could have happened but are not the main reasons for their extinction.

What is Corruption?

The word corruption means the destruction, ruining or the spoiling of a society or a nation. A corrupt society stops valuing integrity, virtue or moral principles. It changes for the worse. Such a society begins to decay and sets itself on the road to self destruction. Corruption is an age old phenomena. Selfishness and greed are the two main causes of corruption. Political corruption is the abuse of their powers by state officials for their unlawful private gain.

Over 1500 years ago the mighty Roman Empire disintegrated when its rulers became corrupt and selfish. Nations having a tyrannical powerful ruling elite that refuses to punish the corrupt within it, face the menace of corruption. A corrupt society is characterized by immorality and lack of fear and respect for the law.

Corruption cannot be divorced from economics. Inequality of wealth, low wages and salaries are some of the economic causes of corruption. Employees often strike corrupt deals to supplement their meager incomes. A license-permit regime or scarcity of basic commodities promotes corruption.

In societies where traditional, religious, ethical teaching and standards of morality are weak, corruption often thrives. These values should be revived among their congregations and subjects and in this effort religious leaders and chiefs have an important role to play. Of late, the media has carried out a large number of stories of prophets who misuse offerings and traditional healers who abuse their patients.

The judiciary, the law enforcement agencies and the education sector have an important role to play to fight corruption by changing the prevailing laws, punishments and the education system.

Corruption has prevailed in all forms of government. Various forms of corruption include extortion, graft, bribery, cronyism, nepotism, embezzlement and patronage. Corruption allows criminal activities such as money laundering, extortion and drug trafficking to thrive.

Corruption in several forms prevails all over the world with bribery alone crossing one trillion US dollars annually. A state of unchecked political corruption is known as kleptocacy, which literally means “rule by thieves”.

At times, bribes are given to avoid punishment. For some people, being corrupt is a way to get what they desire. In societies which ignore corruption, it becomes a way of life. People getting very low wages feel they have to demand bribes in order to lead decent lives. But they do not realize that corruption causes suffering to others.

The consequences of corruption for social and economic development are bad. Corruption hinders economic growth and deters investment. The impact of development assistance is reduced and natural resources are over exploited causing further harm to a country’s environmental assets. Resources are diverted from sectors such as education and health to less important sectors or personal enrichment. The rule of law is eroded and the people no longer respect or trust the state. A few people manage to get rich at the expense of society as a whole, while the poor suffer terribly. In the long run unchecked corruption pushes more and more people into poverty which often destabilizes a society.

Societies can fight corruption by letting the state know that they have had enough of it.The authorities move very quickly when the press or the television highlights instances of corruption. Education spreads political and social awareness and these are some factors that help curb the menace of corruption.

What is Jan Lokpal Bill

The Lokpal will be a three-member body with a chairperson who is or was a chief justice or Supreme Court judge, and two members who are or have been high courts judges or chief justices.

Lokpal Bill was for the first time presented during the fourth Lok Sabha in 1968, and was passed there in 1969. while it was pending in the Rajya Sabha, the Lok Sabha was dissolved, resulting the first death of the bill. The bill was revived in 1971, 1977, 1985, 1989, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2005 and most recently in 2008. Each time, after the bill was introduced to the house, it was referred to some committee for improvements - a joint committee of parliament, or a departmental standing committee of the Home Ministry - and before the government could take a final stand on the issue the house was dissolved. Several flaws have been cited in the recent draft of the Lokpal Bill. Meanwhile the activists of India Against Corruption (IAC) have prepared a draft for the bill called Jan Lokpal Bill.

The Lokpal Bill provides for filing complaints of corruption against the prime minister, other ministers, and MPs with the ombudsman. The Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) while recommending the constitution of Lokpal was convinced that such an institution was justified not only for removing the sense of injustice from the minds of adversely affected citizens but also necessary to instill public confidence in the efficiency of administrative machinery. Following this, the Lokpal Bill was for the first time presented during the fourth Lok Sabha in 1968, and was passed there in 1969.

A look at the salient features of Jan Lokpal Bill:
1. An institution called LOKPAL at the centre and LOKAYUKTA in each state will be set up

2. Like Supreme Court and Election Commission, they will be completely independent of the governments. No minister or bureaucrat will be able to influence their investigations.

3. Cases against corrupt people will not linger on for years anymore: Investigations in any case will have to be completed in one year. Trial should be completed in next one year so that the corrupt politician, officer or judge is sent to jail within two years.

4. The loss that a corrupt person caused to the government will be recovered at the time of conviction.

5. How will it help a common citizen: If any work of any citizen is not done in prescribed time in any government office, Lokpal will impose financial penalty on guilty officers, which will be given as compensation to the complainant.

6. So, you could approach Lokpal if your ration card or passport or voter card is not being made or if police is not registering your case or any other work is not being done in prescribed time. Lokpal will have to get it done in a month's time. You could also report any case of corruption to Lokpal like ration being siphoned off, poor quality roads been constructed or panchayat funds being siphoned off. Lokpal will have to complete its investigations in a year, trial will be over in next one year and the guilty will go to jail within two years.

7. But won't the government appoint corrupt and weak people as Lokpal members? That won't be possible because its members will be selected by judges, citizens and constitutional authorities and not by politicians, through a completely transparent and participatory process.

8. What if some officer in Lokpal becomes corrupt? The entire functioning of Lokpal/ Lokayukta will be completely transparent. Any complaint against any officer of Lokpal shall be investigated and the officer dismissed within two months.

9. What will happen to existing anti-corruption agencies? CVC, departmental vigilance and anti-corruption branch of CBI will be merged into Lokpal. Lokpal will have complete powers and machinery to independently investigate and prosecute any officer, judge or politician.

10. It will be the duty of the Lokpal to provide protection to those who are being victimized for raising their voice against corruption.

Criticism
The Lokpal bill is intended to provide the common man with direct powers to censure his/her elected representative. However, every complainant has to pay a fees and take full responsibility for leveling charges. In case the complaint is found to be baseless, punitive action extending to two years in jail and monetary fine of up to Rs. 50,000 may be imposed on the complainant.

Charges of corruption in the Indian legal system are not necessarily covered only under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 but also under many other Acts, but the Lokpal restricts its ambit to the cases under this Act.

Regarding the constitution of the Lokpal, the Chairman of the Lokpal shall be from among past or present chief justices of Supreme Court. But the other two members of the Lokpal may also be from those qualified to be judges of the Supreme Court. The loose end left here makes countless many from India’s entire judiciary eligible for the post including those who are also senior party politicians with legal background.

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